Table 1 Chemotherapeutics that alter cellular redox balance

FDA-approved for the treatment of relapsing AML.

↑ ROS:

Inhibits MRC, TrxR and SOD; induces the expression of Nox2 complex genes and depletes Prx III

Phase II study of As₂O₃ plus decitabine and cytarabine AML with p53 mutations (NCT03381781, not yet recruiting).

Phase I studies of As₂O₃ plus decitabine (NCT00671697, completed in 2011), plus cytarabine and idarubicin (NCT00093483, completed in 2009) for AML treatment.

Phase II/III study of As₂O₃ plus altezumab and other chemoteraputic agents for AML or MDS treatment (NCT00454480, completed).

FDA-approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

↑ ROS:

Inhibits mitochondrial ATP production

Phase II study for CLL treatment (NCT01750567, recruiting).

Phase I study of metformin plus ritonavir for relapsed/refractory MM or CLL treatment (NCT02948283, active).

Phase I study for relapsed childhood ALL (NCT01324180; completed).

Phase I study of metformin plus cytarabine for relapsed/refractory AML treatment (NCT01849276, active).

FDA-approved for complicated skin and intra-abdominal infections.

↑ ROS:

Inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis

Phase I study for AML treatment (NCT01332786, completed in 2015).

In vitro study of tigecycline in cells from CML patients (NCT02883036, not yet recruiting).

Under clinical trial.

↑ ROS:

GSSG mimetic

Phase III study of NOV-002 plus cis-platinum and placlitaxel for NSCLC treatment (NCT00347412, completed in 2010).

FDA-approved for ovarian cancer, metastatic malignant melanoma, MM and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

↑ ROS:

SOD inhibitor

Phase II study for the treatment of relapse or plateau phase myeloma (NCT00592579, completed in 2008).

FDA-approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension, ovarian cancer, multiforme glioblastoma and MM treatment.

↑ ROS:

GSH pool depletion

Phase I/II study in MM (NCT00327249, completed in 2008).

Phase II study for the treatment of aggressive lymphomas (NCT01314014, completed in 2014).

Under clinical trial.

↑ ROS:

SOD inhibitor

Phase I/II study of ATN-224 plus bortezomib in MM patients (NCT00352742, completed in 2008).

Under clinical trial.

↑ ROS:

Thioredoxin system inhibitor

Phase I (NCT00736372, completed in 2009) and phase II studies (NCT00417287, completed in 2009) against solid tumours.

Under clinical trial.

↑ ROS:

Export GSH outside of the cell and inhibits GPx

Phase I study for preventing lung cancer (NCT00005883, completed).

PEITC as support care in head and neck cancer patients (NCT03034603, recruiting).

Under clinical trial.

↓ROS:

NOX1 and NOX4 inhibitor

Phase II study for the treatment of patient with type 2 diabetes (NCT02010242, completed in 2015).

FDA-approved for gout treatment and as prophylaxis treatment to prevent chemotherapy-induced uric acid elevation.

↓ ROS:

XOD inhibitor

Phase II study of allopurinol in pediatric ALL treatment to improve 6-mercaptopurine treatment (NCT03022747, recruiting).