Regulatory mechanisms of immune checkpoints PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in cancer

Table 2 Regulators of CTLA-4

Regulatory Types		Regulators	CTLA-4	References
Regulation of CTLA-4 at DNA level	Epigenetic regulation	HDAC	Upregulation	[181]
Regulation of CTLA-4 at DNA level	Epigenetic regulation	methylation of DNA at CpG sites	Downregulation	[182]
Regulation of CTLA-4 at RNA level	Transcriptional regulation	NFAT	Upregulation	[226]
		Foxp3	Upregulation	[227]
		CD28	Downregulation	[228]
		IL-1α, IFN-γ	Upregulation	[229]
		IL-2	Upregulation	[230]
		STAT5	Upregulation	[231]
		STAT1, c-Fos, c-MYC, and Bcl-2	Upregulation	[232]
		PKC-η	Upregulation	[233]
	Direct regulation by miRNA	miR-155	Downregulation	[223]
		miR-224-5p, miR-324-5p and miR-488-5p	Downregulation	[234]
		miR-302a	Downregulation	[224]
Localization within the cell		AP-1	Upregulation	[235]
		AP-2	Upregulation	[236]
		TCR	Upregulation	[237]
		TRIM	Upregulation	[238, 239]
		GTPases, PLD- 1, PLD-2, and ARF-1	Upregulation	[240]
		LRBA	Upregulation	[241]
		Ca²⁺	Upregulation	[237]

ISSN: 1756-9966